In 'The boy who won the race smiled', who won the race identifies the boy.
Who usually refers to people; which usually refers to things; that can occur in many defining clauses.
See it. Say it. Understand it.
Easy / Start here
The book that I borrowed is useful.
Moderate / Add a little
Nila, who lives next door, is a doctor.
More detail for teachers and confident learners
A relative clause adds information about a noun. In 'The boy who won the race smiled', who won the race identifies the boy. Who usually refers to people; which usually refers to things; that can occur in many defining clauses. A defining clause identifies which person or thing is meant and normally has no enclosing commas. A non-defining clause adds extra information and uses commas: 'Nila, who lives next door, is a doctor.' Do not separate a defining clause with commas if doing so changes the intended reference.
Work from meaning to form. Read the first model, identify what the words are doing, and compare it with the second model. Explain the difference aloud before using the pattern in a new sentence. When checking a draft, locate the relevant word or clause and test it in its full sentence; a rule used in isolation may miss the intended meaning.
At Stage 7, work across contemporary fiction, poetry, and non-fiction without assuming that one method fits every genre. Connect individual language choices to the text's developing meaning. In your own work, explain how the chosen structure serves the audience. Support a judgment with specific evidence and acknowledge a reasonable alternative where the text allows one.
වැඩි විස්තර අවශ්ය විට පමණක් මෙම කොටස කියවන්න.
Optional extra unit worksheet
Practise the whole unit and receive a separate answer or model guide.
Start with the person or thing receiving the action.
Use a form of be + the past participle.
Add by + the doer when that information is useful.
See it. Say it. Understand it.
Easy / Start here
The door is closed.
Moderate / Add a little
The room is cleaned every day.
Challenge / Try when ready
The damaged chairs were repaired before the pupils returned.
More detail for teachers and confident learners
In an active clause, the subject usually performs the action: 'The team repaired the bridge'. In a passive clause, the subject receives or undergoes it: 'The bridge was repaired by the team'. Form the passive with a suitable form of be and a past participle. The passive is useful when the action or result matters more than the agent, or when the agent is unknown. It is not automatically more formal or better. Choose the voice that keeps the main topic clear and makes responsibility visible when responsibility matters.
Work from meaning to form. Read the first model, identify what the words are doing, and compare it with the second model. Explain the difference aloud before using the pattern in a new sentence. When checking a draft, locate the relevant word or clause and test it in its full sentence; a rule used in isolation may miss the intended meaning.
At Stage 7, work across contemporary fiction, poetry, and non-fiction without assuming that one method fits every genre. Connect individual language choices to the text's developing meaning. In your own work, explain how the chosen structure serves the audience. Support a judgment with specific evidence and acknowledge a reasonable alternative where the text allows one.
වැඩි විස්තර අවශ්ය විට පමණක් මෙම කොටස කියවන්න.
Optional extra unit worksheet
Practise the whole unit and receive a separate answer or model guide.
Keep the meaning. Change pronouns and time words when needed.
In reported questions, use statement word order.
See it. Say it. Understand it.
Easy / Start here
Mala says that she is happy.
Moderate / Add a little
Mala said that she was happy.
Challenge / Try when ready
Mala asked whether I could help her prepare for the lesson.
More detail for teachers and confident learners
Reported speech tells someone what another person said without necessarily repeating the exact words. 'Ravi said, “I am tired”' may become 'Ravi said that he was tired'. Pronouns, time expressions, and verb forms must fit the reporting situation. Backshift is common after a past reporting verb, but is not always necessary if the statement remains true or immediately relevant. A reported question uses statement word order: 'She asked where he lived', not 'where did he live'. Preserve the original meaning rather than changing forms mechanically.
Work from meaning to form. Read the first model, identify what the words are doing, and compare it with the second model. Explain the difference aloud before using the pattern in a new sentence. When checking a draft, locate the relevant word or clause and test it in its full sentence; a rule used in isolation may miss the intended meaning.
At Stage 7, work across contemporary fiction, poetry, and non-fiction without assuming that one method fits every genre. Connect individual language choices to the text's developing meaning. In your own work, explain how the chosen structure serves the audience. Support a judgment with specific evidence and acknowledge a reasonable alternative where the text allows one.
වැඩි විස්තර අවශ්ය විට පමණක් මෙම කොටස කියවන්න.
Optional extra unit worksheet
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